基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的病虫害命名实体识别

为了解决农业病虫害命名实体识别过程中存在的内在语义信息缺失、局部上下文特征易被忽略和捕获长距离依赖能力不足等问题，以农业病虫害文本为研究对象，提出一种基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的农业病虫害命名实体识别模型(Chinese agricultural diseases and pests named entity recognition with joint radical embedding and self attention, RS-ADP)。首先，该模型将部首嵌入集成到字符嵌入中作为输入，用以丰富语义信息。其中，针对部首嵌入设计了3种特征提取策略，即卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network, CNN)、双向长短时记忆网络(Bidirectional long short term memory network, BiLSTM) 和CNN-BiLSTM；其次，采用多层不同窗口尺寸的CNNs层提取不同尺度的局部上下文信息；然后，在BiLSTM提取全局序列特征的基础上，采用自注意力机制进一步增强模型提取更长距离依赖的能力；最后，采用条件随机场(Conditional random field, CRF)联合识别实体边界和划分实体类别。在包含11个类别和24715条标注样本的农业病虫害自制语料上进行了实验。结果表明，本文模型RS-ADP在该数据集上精确率、召回率和F1值分别为94.16%、94.47%和94.32%；在具体实体类别上，RS-ADP在作物、病害、虫害等易识别实体上F1值高达95.81%、97.76%和97.23%。同时，RS-ADP在草害、病原等难以识别实体上F1值仍保持86%以上。实验结果表明，本文所提模型能够有效识别农业病虫害命名实体，其识别精度优于其他模型，且具有一定的泛化性。     

浅谈几种概率分布之间的相互关系

本文简述了几种常用的概率分布之间的相互关系     

计提长期资产减值准备的不良影响及防范

由于历史和现实条件的限制，我国新的投资准则有关长期资产减值准备的计提与实施，会出现一些难以避免的不良影响。如容易偏离历史成本，计提依据不易掌握，新旧概念易于混淆，国家税易于流失，影响会计核算工作及时性和国有资产的保值与增值等等。就这些不良影响及其防范，提出了几种浅显的看法。     

On farm observations to increase genetic gain in breeding schemes for village poultry production – A simulation study

To improve genetic gain of breeding programs for village poultry production, breeding schemes with observations obtained in village production systems using individual (VIO) and group recording (VGO) were examined under different levels of genotype-by-environment-interactions (GxE). GxE was modeled by varying the correlation between traits measured in the breeding station and village environments for bodyweight (r_{g_BW}) and egg production (r_{g_EP}). Relative and absolute genetic gains obtained from VIO and VGO were used for comparison between the schemes. Results showed that village observations significantly improved genetic gains compared to the scheme without birds tested in the village. The improvement was only slightly larger with individual observations than with group observations. Higher r_{g_BW} and r_{g_EP} led to lower relative genetic gain, but a higher absolute gain of VIO and VGO. It is recommended to apply a breeding scheme using group recording of village performance when strong GxE in breeding for village poultry is expected.     

基于仿人智能控制的长输管道新型退磁仪的智能化实现

对于年金的时间价值的研究,往往假定利率在整个期间内是固定不变的.但事实上,由于受到多种因素的影响,利率通常具有不确定性.因此,本文采用可逆MA(1)模型对随机利息力进行建模,在此基础上,研究了期末付虹式年金和期末付平顶虹式年金的时间价值问题,给出了上述两种形式年金现值的期望和方差的递推公式.通过数值仿真分析了相关参数对期末付虹式年金现值的期望值的影响,其结论对投资者的投资决策提供了参考依据.     

长期施肥下黄土旱塬黑垆土磷平衡及农学阈值

为研究长期施肥条件下土壤磷平衡和土壤有效磷对磷盈亏的响应,明确土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,依托甘肃平凉肥料长期定位试验(始于1979),分析了黄土旱塬黑垆土36 a土壤磷盈亏动态、累积磷盈亏与有效磷的响应关系以及土壤磷残余,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤有效磷的响应关系,计算黄土旱塬黑垆土小麦和玉米的土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果表明:不施肥(CK)和单施氮肥(N)处理土壤磷始终亏缺,N处理每亏缺磷100 kg·hm~(-2),有效磷含量下降1.05 mg·kg~(-1);施磷处理土壤磷当季盈余4.3～207.9 kg·hm~(-2),累积盈余154.9～7 483.6 kg·hm~(-2),其中有机、无机配施(MNP)处理磷盈余最大;土壤累积磷盈余与土壤有效磷增量呈线性正相关,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm~(-2)磷,秸秆还田配施化肥(SNP,磷肥隔年施)、氮磷配施(NP)、有机肥(M)和有机、无机配施(MNP)处理土壤有效磷分别增加7.55、2.47、0.28 mg·kg~(-1)和0.46 mg·kg~(-1);黄土旱塬黑垆土农田有效磷的小麦和玉米农学阈值分别为22.05 mg·kg~(-1)和13.96 mg·kg~(-1),MNP处理土壤有效磷含量已高于作物农学阈值,NP和SNP处理土壤有效磷含量达到小麦农学阈值分别需要21 a和24 a,达到玉米农学阈值分别需要2 a和8 a,M处理土壤有效磷含量已高于玉米农学阈值,还需要3 a可达到小麦农学阈值。当磷投入量每年平均达22.9 kg·hm~(-2)时,土壤磷呈持平状态;当磷用量达33 kg·hm~(-2)时,不仅作物产量较高,而且磷肥当季利用率也较高;当磷用量增加到233 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量对增加磷投入无响应,土壤磷残余超过90%,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加了土壤磷素的流失风险。黄土旱塬小麦玉米一年一熟轮作黑垆土农田土壤有效磷农学阈值为13.96 mg·kg~(-1)(玉米)和22.05 mg·kg~(-1)(小麦),秸秆还田可促进旱地农田耕层土壤有效磷含量的增加。     

Reducing crude protein variability and maximizing savings when formulating corn-soybean meal-based feeds

Crude protein in corn and soybean meal have been documented to vary, and such inherent variability can result in under- or over-feeding of CP when feeds are formulated, leading to reduced bird growth, added input costs, and increased environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 grain-handling techniques and 2 feed formulation methods (linear vs. stochastic programming) to reduce CP variability in finished feeds and determine resulting costs or savings. The 2 grain-handling techniques were placing all the random batches of each delivered ingredient in to (1) a single bin (1-bin method) or (2) segregating above- and below-average samples into 2 bins (2-bin method). A fast way of estimating the composition of the ingredients is now available (near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy). Microsoft Excel workbooks were constructed to solve broiler starter feed formulation problems. Formulating feeds by linear and stochastic models based on the 2-bin method reduced CP variability by at least 50% compared with the 1-bin method. Formula cost was reduced by ˜20 cents per ton (averages of August 2012 United States ingredient prices) when the 2-bin method was used with the linear model. Formulating feed with a margin of safety increased formula cost by $3.40 per ton. Stochastic feed formulation increased formula cost to meet the specified CP level in feed at any probability of success, and formula cost was reduced substantially with the 2-bin method (up to $6.47 per ton). The magnitude of savings and reduced feed variability suggested that, regardless of the costs associated with building extra bins, the 2-bin method can be economically efficient in the long run. Therefore, it could be possible to split the batches of feed ingredients at a feed mill into above- or below-average bins before feed formulation to reduce CP variability and to maximize savings.     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).     

VARIABLE DAMP STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY DUE TO MULTIPLE RANDOM EXCITATIONS AND SENSETIVITY ANALYSIS

The reliability of random vibration is discussed,and then by using the first order perturbation method and with the aid of relation of the systemic response function to the first order sensetivity of variable damp parameter, the rate of change of structural reliability indication is derived, therefore the constraint equation to guarantee reliability for the structural optimization design is proved and the satisfactory result is obtained,test and the practicability of this method is tested.